How Does a Vacuum Pump Work?
Vacuum is a space devoid of matter where the gaseous pressure inside this volume is below atmospheric pressure. A vacuum pump`s main function is to change the pressure in a contained space to create a full or partial vacuum either mechanically or chemically. Pressure will always try to equalize across connected regions as gas molecules flow from high to low to fill the entire area of that volume. Therefore, if a new low-pressure space is introduced, gas will naturally flow from high-pressure area to the new area of low-pressure until they are of equal pressure. Notice this vacuum process is created not by [sucking" gases but pushing molecules. Vacuum pumps essentially move gas molecules from one region to the next to create a vacuum by changing high and low-pressure states.
Vacuum Pump Basics
As molecules are removed from the vacuum space, it becomes exponentially harder to remove additional ones, thus increasing the vacuum power required. The pressure ranges are placed into several groups:
Rough/Low Vacuum: 1000 to 1 mbar / 760 to 0.75 Torr
Fine/ Medium Vacuum: 1 to 10-3 mbar / 0.75 to 7.5-3 Torr
High Vacuum: 10-3 to 10-7 mbar / 7.5-3 to 7.5-7 Torr
Ultra-High Vacuum: 10-7 to 10-11 mbar / 7.5-7 to 7.5-11 Torr
Extreme High Vacuum: < 10-11 mbar / < 7.5-11 Torr
Vacuum pumps are classified by the pressure range they can achieve to help distinguish their capabilities. These classifications are:
Primary (Backing) Pumps which handle rough and low vacuum pressure ranges.
Booster Pumps handle low and medium pressure ranges.
Secondary (High Vacuum) Pumps handle high, very high and ultra-high vacuum pressure ranges.
Depending on the pressure requirements and operating application, vacuum pump technologies are considered either wet or dry. Wet pumps use oil or water for lubrication and sealing, while dry pumps
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